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Research Article

A multimodal framework for early detection, risk assessment, and biomarker-guided therapy in prostate cancer: Considerations for sub-Saharan African populations

Raphael E. Teme
1,2*
Samuel I. Ogenyi
2
Azuoma L. Asomugha
3

1 Department of Histopathology & Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers

2 Department of Histopathology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra

3 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra



Tumor Discovery 2026, 5(3),025010134; https://doi.org/10.36922/TD025010134
Submitted31 Dec 2025
Revised12 Feb 2026
Accepted13 Feb 2026
Published09 Apr 2026
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Cite This Article
Raphael E. Teme ,Samuel I. Ogenyi ,Azuoma L. Asomugha . (2026). <p>A multimodal framework for early detection, risk assessment, and biomarker-guided therapy in prostate cancer: Considerations for sub-Saharan African populations</p>. Tumor Discovery , 5(3), TD025010134. https://doi.org/10.36922/TD025010134
Abstract

Prostate cancer remains a major global public health concern, with rising incidence rates worldwide, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Traditional screening modalities, which rely solely on prostate-specific antigen concentration measurement and digital rectal examination (DRE), have shown poor sensitivity and specificity. Hence, this review critically evaluates emerging multimodal diagnostic strategies, including environmental risk assessment, new cytological and immunohistochemical biomarkers, and genomic profiling, to improve early detection and enable precision therapy for prostate cancer. We examine current information on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as environmental risk indicators, the optimization of post-DRE urine cytology, cytological examination of expressed prostate secretions, and the clinical usefulness of biomarkers such as ERBB2, CDK12, BRCA2, and ATM. Specific attention is paid to the African background, where unique genetic and environmental factors necessitate the development of tailored diagnostic algorithms. This integrative approach provides a theoretical framework for developing comprehensive diagnostic pathways that can enhance early detection rates and deliver individualized treatment in resource-constrained environments. Although the target population of this review is sub-Saharan Africans, the principles and frameworks presented have broader applicability to other low- and middle-income nations facing similar challenges.

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