REGISTER LOGIN
Home - TD - Volume 4 - Issue 1
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Volume 5 | 2026 Volume 4 | 2025 Volume 3 | 2024 Volume 2 | 2023 Volume 1 | 2022
Issue
Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Issue 4 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Issue 4 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Issue 1 Issue 2
Search
View All
Research Article

Immunocytochemistry profiling of ovarian cysts: A review of its clinical utility, future direction, and challenges

Owajioniro Godstime Mordecai
1†
Yibala Ibor Oboma
2*
Raphael Teme
3†

1 Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Federal University, Otuoke, Bayelsa State

2 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Kampala

3 Department of Histopathology/Cytopathology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State



Tumor Discovery 2025, 4(1),14-26; https://doi.org/10.36922/td.5369
Submitted21 Oct 2024
Revised16 Dec 2024
Accepted16 Dec 2024
Published09 Jan 2025
Download PDF()
Cite
+
Cite This Article
Owajioniro Godstime Mordecai ,Yibala Ibor Oboma ,Raphael Teme . (2025). <p>Immunocytochemistry profiling of ovarian cysts: A review of its clinical utility, future direction, and challenges</p>. Tumor Discovery , 4(1), td5369. https://doi.org/10.36922/td.5369
Abstract

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs located in or on the surface of the ovaries. They can affect women of all ages but are most commonly seen in those of reproductive age and postmenopausal women. The two primary types of ovarian cysts are functional and pathological. Due to their asymptomatic nature, ovarian cysts are frequently diagnosed at later stages, potentially limiting therapeutic options and negatively affecting patient outcomes. Early detection requires diagnostic modalities that can differentiate between benign and malignant ovarian lesions. One promising approach is the use of immunocytochemistry (ICC) in the diagnosis of ovarian cysts, a rapidly evolving method in ovarian pathology. ICC utilizes antibodies to detect and visualize specific cellular antigens (proteins) in cytology specimens, serving as an ancillary diagnostic technique for establishing empirical diagnoses, predicting biomarkers, and assessing prognosis. A standard ICC protocol entails sample preparation, fixation, permeabilization, blocking, immunolabeling, counter-staining, and microscopic imaging of stained cells. Specific biomarkers play a significant role in distinguishing between benign and malignant ovarian cysts. Commonly used biomarkers include Cancer antigen 125, Ki-67, p53, HE4, and WT1. Future directions in this field are likely to focus on multiplex ICC, the discovery of novel biomarkers, the integration of artificial intelligence with other diagnostic modalities, and improving the standardization of ICC practice. Integrating these biomarkers into ovarian pathology will enable accurate diagnosis with reduced turnaround times, overcoming the limitations of hematoxylin and eosin staining methods.

REFERENCES

  1. Zina AA. Causes and management of ovarian cysts. Egypt J Hosp Med. 2018;70(10):1818-1822. doi: 10.12816/0044759

  1. Rana M, Nasa P. An overview of ovarian cysts. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2020;11(11):5434-5440. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-823

  1. Hemavathy V, Sathiyalathasarathi Gayathri M. Ovarian cyst: A literature review. Int J Novel Res Dev. 2023;8(9):663-666.

  1. Sahu SA, Shrivastava D. A comprehensive review of screening methods for ovarian masses: Towards earlier detection. Cureus. 2023;15(11):e49063. doi: 10.7759/cureus.49063

  1. Ding Y, Huang X, Ji T, Qi C, Gao X, Wei R. The emerging roles of miRNA-mediated autophagy in ovarian cancer. Cell Death Dis. 2024;15(4):314. doi: 10.1038/s41419-024-06630-3

  1. Sharma D, Vinocha A. Benign ovarian cysts with raised CA-125 levels: Do we need to evaluate the fallopian tubes? J Lab Physicians. 2020;12(4):276-280. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1716394

  1. Chanu SM, Dey B, Raphael V, Panda S, Khonglah Y. Clinico-pathological profile of ovarian cysts in a tertiary care hospital. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2017;6(10):4642-4645. doi: 10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174376

  1. Kanber Y, Pusztaszeri M, Auger M. Immunocytochemistry for diagnostic cytopathology-a practical guide. Cytopathology. 2021;32(2):562-587. doi: 10.1111/cyt.13008

  1. Smith LH, Chen Y. Clinical features and diagnosis of ovarian cysts. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221(6):642-653. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.06.023

  1. Mimoune N, Baazizi R, Azzouz MY, Benaissa MH, Kaidi R. Basic and new concepts in ovarian cysts pathogenesis in cattle. Veterinaria. 2019;68(2):73-80. doi: 10.2478/vet-2019-0028

  1. Karst AM, Drapkin, R. Ovarian cancer pathogenesis: A model in evolution. J Oncol. 2010;2010:932371. doi: 10.1155/2010/980203

  1. Davis BJ, Dixon D, Herbert RA. Ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix and vagina. In: Maronpot, RR, Boorman GA, Gaul BW, editors. Pathology of the Mouse: Reference and Atlas. Vienna, IL: Cache River Press; 1999. p. 409-444. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-07973-7

  1. Hirst J, Crow J, Godwin A. Ovarian Cancer Genetics: Subtypes and Risk Factors. London: IntechOpen; 2018. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.72705

  1. Kashyap P. Ovarian tumor: A review. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2021;10(9):3657-3667. doi: 10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20213626

  1. Levine D, Brown DL, Andreotti RF. Imaging of ovarian masses. Radiology. 2020;296(2):365-381. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020191645

  1. Kant RH, Rather S, Rashid S. Clinical and Histopathological Profile of Patients with Ovarian Cyst Presenting in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kashmir, India. Available from: https:// core.ac.uk/download/pdf/539900619.pdf [Last accessed on 2024 Jul 04].

  1. Mobeen S, Apostol R. Ovarian cyst. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560541 Accessed 2024 Jul 10].

  1. Reid BM, Permuth JB, Sellers TA. Epidemiology of ovarian cancer: A review. Cancer Biol Med. 2017;14(1):9-32. doi: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2016.0046

  1. Parmar RA, Patel KA. Fine needle aspiration cytology’s role in the diagnosis of ovarian tumor. J Midlife Health. 2023;14(2):159-164. doi: 10.4103/jmh.jmh_32_23

  1. Matsas A, Stefanoudakis D, Troupis T, et al. Tumor markers and their diagnostic significance in ovarian cancer. Life (Basel). 2023;13(8):1689. doi: 10.3390/life13081689

  1. Shaaban AM, Rezvani M, Elsayes KM, Baskin H. Ovarian malignant germ cell tumors: Cellular classification and clinical and imaging features. Radiographics. 2014;34(3):777-801. doi: 10.1148/rg.343130050

  1. Ezejiofor IF, Ozor NS, Ogbu CC, Olaofe OO, Menkiti FE. Histopathological profile of primary ovarian lesions in Nnewi, Nigeria: A 5 year retrospective study. Orient J Med. 2021;33(1-2):13-21. doi: 10.4314/ojm.v33i1-2.2

  1. Kanasagara A, Sarvaiya A, Sakariya D. Histomorphologic spectrum of ovarian cystic lesions at a tertiary care centre. Trop J Pathol Microbiol. 2018;4(3):270-275. doi: 10.17511/jopm.2018.i3.08

  1. Kirbiš IS, Roque RR, Bongiovanni M, Fle?ar MS, Cochand- Priollet B. Immunocytochemistry practices in European cytopathology laboratories-review of european federation of cytology societies (EFCS) online survey results with best practice recommendations. Cancer Cytopathol. 2020;128(2):117-128. doi: 10.1002/cncy.22292

  1. Sauter JL, Grogg KL, Vrana JA, Law ME, Halvorson JL, Henry MR. Young investigator challenge: Validation and optimization of immunohistochemistry protocols for use on client cell block specimens. Cancer Cytopathol. 2016;124(2):89-100. doi: 10.1002/cncy.21625

  1. Jain D, Nambirajan A, Borczuk A, et al. Immunocytochemistry for predictive biomarker testing in lung cancer cytology. Cancer Cytopathol. 2019;127(5):325-339. doi: 10.1002/cncy.22126

  1. Echeveste JI, Labiano T, Tejerina E, Argueta A, De Andrea C, Lozano MD. Challenges of ICC and FISH in the field of targeted therapies from cell block to smears. J Mol Pathol. 2021;2(1):55-65. doi: 10.3390/jmp2010007

  1. Sharma R, Sundaram S, Verma, R. Immunocytochemistry in oncology: An essential tool. J Cancer Res Ther. 2020;16(6):1421-1430. doi: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_60_20

  1. Clive RT, Shang-Rong S, Nancy JB. Techniques of immunohistochemistry: Principles, pitfalls, and standardization. In: David JD, editor. Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry. 3rd ed. Englewood: US: Suanders; 2011. p. 1-44. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-443-06652-8.50007-7

  1. Thermo Fisher Scientific. Antibodies for Immunocytochemistry (ICC); 2024. Available from: https://www.thermofisher.com/ ng/en/home/life-science/antibodies/primary-antibodies/ antibodies-applications/antibodies-icc.html [Last accessed on 2024 Aug 16].

  1. Oboma Y, Beredugo S, Archibong AM, Zipamone E. Citrus aurantifolia (Lime) juice extract reverses poly cystic ovary in Cadmium chloride exposed sprague dawley rats. Gen Intern Med Clin Innov. 2020;5:1-4. doi: 10.31579/2640-1088/078

  1. Oboma YI, Ngokere AA. Effect of formalin fixation on DNA purity and quantity, nucleic acid, and amplicon size in cervical human papilloma virus detection. Afr J Cell Pathol. 2018;10(4):47-53. doi: 10.5897/AJCPath2018.0009

  1. Novus Biologicals. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) Handbook. Available from: https://www.novusbio.com/support/ immunocytochemistry-icc-handbook [Last accessed on 2024 Aug 20].

  1. Schutter WM, Esajas V, Tan NY, Hogervorst, F. Accuracy of imaging techniques for detection of benign versus malignant ovarian masses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2018;28(10):4257-4266. doi: 10.1007/s00330-018-5413-9

  1. Li J, Wang H, Zhou X, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y. Diagnostic value of immunocytochemical biomarkers in ovarian masses. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2019;45(3):559-567. doi: 10.1111/jog.13888

  1. Lee JH, Kim HJ, Lee JY, Kim SH, Kim SY, Kim TH. Diagnostic value of immunocytochemical markers for the detection of malignant ovarian tumors. J Gynecol Oncol. 2018;29(5):e69. doi: 10.3802/jgo.2018.29.e69

  1. Metovica J, Righib L, Delsedimea L, Volanteb M, Papottia M. Role of immunocytochemistry in the cytological diagnosis of pulmonary tumors. Acta Cytol. 2019;63(1):2-14. doi: 10.1159/000503757

  1. Dudás B, Lane M, Mupparaju N, Kim HM, Merchenthaler I. A Forgotten principle in immunocytochemistry: Optimal dilution. J Histochem Cytochem. 2022;70(11-12):759-765. doi: 10.1369/00221554221133723

  1. Roy-Chowdhuri S. Immunocytochemistry of cytology specimens for predictive biomarkers in lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2020;9(3):898-905. doi: 10.21037/tlcr.2020.02.17

  1. Grayson K, Gregory E, Khan G, Guinn BA. Urine biomarkers for early detection of ovarian cancer-are we there yet? Biomarkers Cancer. 2019;11:1-8. doi: 10.1177/1179299X19873209

  1. Nolen BM, Lokshin AE. Biomarker testing for ovarian cancer: Clinical utility of multiplex assays. Mol Diagn Ther. 2013;17(3):139-146. doi: 10.1007/s40291-013-0039-6

  1. Nowak M, Stachowiak ?G, Stetkiewicz T, Wilczyński JR. Current clinical application of serum biomarkers to detect ovarian cancer. Prz Menopauzalny. 2015;14(4):254-259. doi: 10.5114/pm.2015.53113

  1. Atallah GA, Abd Aziz NH, Teik CK, Shafiee MN, Kampan NC. New predictive biomarkers for ovarian cancer. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(3):465. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11030465

  1. Ye B, Skates S, Mok SC, et al. Proteomic-based discovery and characterization of glycosylated eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and COOH-terminal osteopontin fragments for ovarian cancer in urine. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(2):432-441. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1406

  1. Singer G, Oldt R 3rd, Cohen Y, et al. Mutations in BRAF and KRAS characterize the development of low-grade ovarian serous carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(6):484-486. doi: 10.1093/jnci/95.6.484

  1. Schummer M, Ng WV, Bumgarner RE, et al. Comparative hybridization of an array of 21 500 ovarian cDNAs for the discovery of genes overexpressed in ovarian carcinomas. Gene. 1999;238(2):375-385. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00379-4

  1. Konstantinopoulos PA, Lheureux S, Moore KN. PARP inhibitors for ovarian cancer: Current indications, future combinations, and novel assets in development to target DNA damage repair. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2020;40:e116-e131. doi: 10.1200/EDBK_292956

  1. Kobayashi M, Sawada K, Kimura T. Potential of integrin inhibitors for treating ovarian cancer: A literature review. Cancers (Basel). 2017;9(7):83. doi: 10.3390/cancers9010008

  1. Luo LY, Katsaros D, Scorilas A, et al. Prognostic value of human kallikrein 10 expression in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7(8):2372-2379.

  1. Bao LH, Sakaguchi H, Fujimoto J, Tamaya T. Osteopontin in metastatic lesions as a prognostic marker in ovarian cancers. J Biomed Sci. 2007;14(3):373-381. doi: 10.1007/s11373-006-9136-0

  1. Brakora K, Lee H, Yusuf R, et al. Utility of osteopontin as a biomarker in recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;93(2):361-365. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2003.12.026

  1. Tanaka Y, Kobayashi H, Suzuki M, Kanayama N, Suzuki M, Terao, T. Upregulation of bikunin in tumor-infiltrating macrophages as a factor of favorable prognosis in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;94(3):725-734. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.04.013

  1. Matsuzaki H, Kobayashi H, Yagyu T, et al. Plasma bikunin as a favorable prognostic factor in ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(7):1463-1472. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.04.112

  1. Hartenbach EM, Olson AT, Goswitz JJ, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and survival in human epithelial ovarian carcinomas. Cancer Lett. 1997;121(2):169-175. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3835(97)00425-8

  1. James NE, Chichester C, Ribeiro JR. Beyond the biomarker: Understanding the diverse roles of human epididymis protein 4 in the pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer. Front Oncol. 2018;8:124. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00124

  1. Drapkin R, Von Horsten HH, Lin Y, et al. Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) Is a secreted glycoprotein that is overexpressed by serous and endometrioid ovarian carcinomas. Cancer Res. 2005;65(6):2162-2169. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3812

  1. Li XH, Chen XJ, Ou WB, et al. Knockdown of creatine kinase B inhibits ovarian cancer progression by decreasing glycolysis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013;45(5):979-986. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.01.015

  1. Huddleston HG, Wong K, Welch WR, Berkowitz RS, Mok SC. Clinical applications of microarray technology: Creatine kinase B is an up-regulated gene in epithelial ovarian cancer and shows promise as a serum marker. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;96(1):77-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.08.041

  1. Tamir A, Gangadharan A, Balwani S, et al. The serine protease prostasin (PRSS8) is a potential biomarker for early detection of ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res. 2016;9(1):1-13. doi: 10.1186/s13048-016-0215-5

  1. Mok SC, Chao J, Skates S, et al. Prostasin, a potential serum marker for ovarian cancer: Identification through microarray technology. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93(19):1458-1464. doi: 10.1093/jnci/93.19.1458

  1. McIntosh MW, Drescher C, Karlan B, et al. Combining CA 125 and SMR serum markers for diagnosis and early detection of ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;95(1):9-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.07.039

  1. Chang K, Pastan I. Molecular cloning of mesothelin, a differentiation antigen present on mesothelium, mesotheliomas, and ovarian cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(1):136-140. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.1.136

  1. Huang CY, Cheng WF, Lee CN, et al. Serum mesothelin in epithelial ovarian carcinoma: A new screening marker and prognostic factor. Anticancer Res. 2006;26(6B):4721-4728.

  1. Zheng X, Chen S, Li L, et al. Evaluation of HE4 and TTR for diagnosis of ovarian cancer: Comparison with CA-125. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2018;47(6):227-230.doi: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2018.02.002

  1. Rastogi M, Gupta S, Sachan, M. Biomarkers towards ovarian cancer diagnostics: Present and future prospects. Braz Arch Biol Technol. 2016;59:e16160070. doi: 10.1590/1678-4324-2016160070

  1. Macuks R, Baidekalna I, Gritcina J, Avdejeva A, Donina S. Apolipoprotein A1 and transferrin as biomarkers in ovarian cancer diagnostics. Acta Chir Latv. 2010;10:16. doi: 10.2478/v10163-011-0003-3

  1. Ahmed N, Oliva KT, Barker G, et al. Proteomic tracking of serum protein isoforms as screening biomarkers of ovarian cancer. Proteomics. 2005;5(17):4625-4636. doi: 10.1002/pmic.200401268

  1. Su F, Lang J, Kumar A, et al. Validation of candidate serum ovarian cancer biomarkers for early detection. Biomark Insights. 2007;2:369-375. doi: 10.4137/bmi.s288

  1. Gadomska H, Grzecocińska B, Janecki J, Nowicka G, Powolny M, Marianowski L. Serum lipids concentration in women with benign and malignant ovarian tumours. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005;120(1):87-90. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.10.011

  1. Davis M. A comprehensive review of the diagnostic and treatment methods for ovarian cancer. Eur J Eng Res Sci. 2018;3(2):13-19. doi: 10.24018/ejers.2018.3.2.89

  1. Katchman BA, Chowell D, Wallstrom G, et al. Autoantibody biomarkers for the detection of serous ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2017;146(1):129-136. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.04.005

  1. Devarajappa GB, Kopparapu VN, Kasireddy LR, Mekala SC, Yaraganti G. Biomarkers for early detection of ovarian cancer: A review. Asian Pac J Cancer Biol. 2023;9(1):81-85. doi: 10.31557/APJCB.2023.9.1.81-85

  1. Simon I, Zhuo S, Corral L, et al. B7-H4 is a novel membrane bound protein and a candidate serum and tissue biomarker for ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2006;66(3):1570-1575. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2959

  1. Cvetkovic D, Pisarcik D, Lee C, Hamilton TC, Abdollahi A. Altered expression and loss of heterozygosity of the LOT1 gene in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;95(3):449-455. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.07.027

  1. Zhao X, Zhou Y, Chen YU, Yu F. miR-494 inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis by targeting FGFR2. Oncol Lett. 2016;11(6):4245-4251. doi: 10.3892/ol.2016.4616

  1. Montagnana M, Benati M, Danese E. Circulating biomarkers in epithelial ovarian cancer diagnosis: From present to future perspective. Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(13):276. doi: 10.21037/atm.2017.05.13

  1. Iorio MV, Visone R, Di LG, et al. MicroRNA signatures in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2007;67(18):8699-8707. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1581

  1. Steffensen KD, Alvero AB, Yang Y, et al. Prevalence of epithelial ovarian cancer stem cells correlates with recurrence in early-stage ovarian cancer. J Oncol. 2011;2011:620523. doi: 10.1155/2011/620523

  1. Sarojini S, Tamir A, Lim H, et al. Early detection biomarkers for ovarian cancer. J Oncol. 2012;2012:709049. doi: 10.1155/2012/709049

  1. Chen YL, Chang MC, Huang CY, et al. Serous ovarian carcinoma patients with high alpha-folate receptor had reducing survival and cytotoxic chemo-response. Mol Oncol. 2012;6(3):360-369. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.04.004

  1. Yuan Y, Nymoen DA, Dong HP, et al. Expression of the folate receptor genes FOLR1 and FOLR3 differentiates ovarian carcinoma from breast carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma in serous effusions. Hum Pathol. 2009;40(10):1453-1460. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.04.003

  1. Zhu C, Wei Y, Wei X. AXL receptor tyrosine kinase as a promising anti-cancer approach: Functions, molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Mol Cancer. 2019;18(1):153. doi: 10.1186/s12943-019-1078-2

  1. Hernandez L, Friedman ER, Moore RG. Emerging biomarkers for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Clin Chem. 2021;67(4):679-689. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa275

  1. Sundfeldt K, Piontkewitz Y, Ivarsson K. The role of Ki-67 in the diagnostic pathway of ovarian tumors. Gynecol Oncol. 2019;154(1):31-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.04.017

  1. Zhao D, Wu Y, Song Y. The role of p53 in ovarian cancer diagnosis and prognosis. J Ovarian Res. 2021;14(1):1. doi: 10.1186/s13048-020-00757-8

  1. Bast RC, Hennessy B, Mills GB. The biology of ovarian cancer: New opportunities for translation. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009;9(6):415-428. doi: 10.1038/nrc2644

  1. Kaijser J, Sayasneh A, Van Holsbeke, C. Presurgical diagnosis of adnexal tumors using combined biomarkers. Br J Cancer. 2019;120(6):706-712.doi: 10.1038/s41416-019-0401-1

  1. Xu HL, Gong TT, Liu FH, et al. Artificial intelligence performance in image-based ovarian cancer identification: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;53:101662. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101662

  1. Brule AJ, Buist MR, Massuger LF, Rotteveel J, Vergote I, Trimbos JB. Comparison of CA125, HE4, and a multimodal immunocytochemical assay for ovarian cancer risk stratification. Gynecol Oncol. 2018;151(2):353-360. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.09.012

  1. Leandersson P, Åkesson A, Hedenfalk I, Malander S, Borgfeldt C. A multiplex biomarker assay improves the diagnostic performance of HE4 and CA125 in ovarian tumor patients. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0240418. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240418

  1. Wang Y, Coleman RL. The future of ovarian cancer screening. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(23):2639-2646. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.00048

  1. Holst S, Heeren RM. New horizons in ovarian cancer diagnostics: YKL-40 and mesothelin as potential markers. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2020;17(10):615-627. doi: 10.1038/s41571-020-0379-3

  1. Dijm?rescu AL, Gheorman V, Manolea MM, et al. Serological and immunohistochemical biomarkers for discrimination between benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2019;60(4):1163-1174.

Previous：article in this issue
Next：article in this issue
TOP
Home
About
Journals
Information
Privacy Policy Editorial Policies Editorial Process Open Access Policy Publication Ethics Advertising Policy

Copyright: © International Society for Translational Sciences, except Open Access articles